PGS Publication: PGP000193

Publication Information (EuropePMC)
Title Genetic discovery and risk characterization in type 2 diabetes across diverse populations.
PubMed ID 34604815(Europe PMC)
doi 10.1016/j.xhgg.2021.100029
Publication Date March 9, 2021
Journal HGG Adv
Author(s) Polfus LM, Darst BF, Highland H, Sheng X, Ng MCY, Below JE, Petty L, Bien S, Sim X, Wang W, Fontanillas P, Patel Y, 23andMe Research Team, DIAMANTE Hispanic/Latino Consortium, MEta-analysis of type 2 DIabetes in African Americans Consortium, Preuss M, Schurmann C, Du Z, Lu Y, Rhie SK, Mercader JM, Tusie-Luna T, González-Villalpando C, Orozco L, Spracklen CN, Cade BE, Jensen RA, Sun M, Joo YY, An P, Yanek LR, Bielak LF, Tajuddin S, Nicolas A, Chen G, Raffield L, Guo X, Chen WM, Nadkarni GN, Graff M, Tao R, Pankow JS, Daviglus M, Qi Q, Boerwinkle EA, Liu S, Phillips LS, Peters U, Carlson C, Wikens LR, Marchand LL, North KE, Buyske S, Kooperberg C, Loos RJF, Stram DO, Haiman CA.
Released in PGS Catalog: June 11, 2021

Associated Polygenic Score(s)

Filter PGS by Participant Ancestry
Individuals included in:
G - Source of Variant Associations (GWAS)
D - Score Development/Training
E - PGS Evaluation
List of ancestries includes:
Display options:
Ancestry legend
Multi-ancestry (including European)
Multi-ancestry (excluding European)
African
East Asian
South Asian
Additional Asian Ancestries
European
Greater Middle Eastern
Hispanic or Latin American
Additional Diverse Ancestries
Not Reported

PGS Developed By This Publication

Polygenic Score ID & Name PGS Publication ID (PGP) Reported Trait Mapped Trait(s) (Ontology) Number of Variants Ancestry distribution
GWAS
Dev
Eval
 Scoring File (FTP Link)
PGS000805
(GRS582_T2Deur)
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Type 2 diabetes (T2D) type 2 diabetes mellitus 582
-
 https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000805/ScoringFiles/PGS000805.txt.gz - Check Terms/Licenses
PGS000807
(GRS582_T2Dasn)
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Type 2 diabetes (T2D) type 2 diabetes mellitus 582
-
 https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000807/ScoringFiles/PGS000807.txt.gz - Check Terms/Licenses
PGS000808
(GRS582_T2Dhis)
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Type 2 diabetes (T2D) type 2 diabetes mellitus 582
-
 https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000808/ScoringFiles/PGS000808.txt.gz - Check Terms/Licenses
PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Type 2 diabetes (T2D) type 2 diabetes mellitus 582
-
 https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000804/ScoringFiles/PGS000804.txt.gz - Check Terms/Licenses
PGS000806
(GRS582_T2Dafr)
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Type 2 diabetes (T2D) type 2 diabetes mellitus 582
-
 https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000806/ScoringFiles/PGS000806.txt.gz - Check Terms/Licenses

Performance Metrics

Disclaimer: The performance metrics are displayed as reported by the source studies. It is important to note that metrics are not necessarily comparable with each other. For example, metrics depend on the sample characteristics (described by the PGS Catalog Sample Set [PSS] ID), phenotyping, and statistical modelling. Please refer to the source publication for additional guidance on performance.

PGS Performance
Metric ID (PPM) 		Evaluated Score PGS Sample Set ID
(PSS) 		Performance Source Trait PGS Effect Sizes
(per SD change) 		Classification Metrics Other Metrics Covariates Included in the Model PGS Performance:
Other Relevant Information
PPM002116 PGS000806
(GRS582_T2Dafr)
 PSS001044|
African Ancestry|
15,609 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6656 [0.6569, 0.6743] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 1.53 [1.36, 1.73] Age, sex, body mass index, study, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002117 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001044|
African Ancestry|
15,609 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.568 [0.5588, 0.5772] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002118 PGS000806
(GRS582_T2Dafr)
 PSS001044|
African Ancestry|
15,609 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.5592 [0.5499, 0.5684] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002119 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001046|
European Ancestry|
423,729 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.825 [0.8222, 0.8279] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 2.94 [2.8, 3.08] Age, sex, body mass index, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002120 PGS000805
(GRS582_T2Deur)
 PSS001046|
European Ancestry|
423,729 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.8253 [0.8224, 0.8281] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 2.95 [2.81, 3.1] Age, sex, body mass index, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002121 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001046|
European Ancestry|
423,729 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6586 [0.6547, 0.6624] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002122 PGS000805
(GRS582_T2Deur)
 PSS001046|
European Ancestry|
423,729 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6593 [0.6555, 0.6632] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002123 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001047|
Hispanic or Latin American Ancestry|
20,486 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.7293 [0.721, 0.7376] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 2.39 [2.1, 2.73] Age, sex, body mass index, study, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002124 PGS000808
(GRS582_T2Dhis)
 PSS001047|
Hispanic or Latin American Ancestry|
20,486 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.7202 [0.7118, 0.7286] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 2.04 [1.79, 2.32] Age, sex, body mass index, study, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002125 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001047|
Hispanic or Latin American Ancestry|
20,486 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6249 [0.6156, 0.6342] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002126 PGS000808
(GRS582_T2Dhis)
 PSS001047|
Hispanic or Latin American Ancestry|
20,486 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6098 [0.6004, 0.6192] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002127 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001045|
Additional Asian Ancestries|
4,576 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.8411 [0.8298, 0.8523] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 3.08 [2.4, 3.95] Age, sex, body mass index, study, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002128 PGS000807
(GRS582_T2Dasn)
 PSS001045|
Additional Asian Ancestries|
4,576 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.8388 [0.8274, 0.8502] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 2.84 [2.21, 3.65] Age, sex, body mass index, study, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002129 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001045|
Additional Asian Ancestries|
4,576 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6263 [0.6101, 0.6425] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002130 PGS000807
(GRS582_T2Dasn)
 PSS001045|
Additional Asian Ancestries|
4,576 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6161 [0.5998, 0.6324] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002131 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001048|
Additional Diverse Ancestries|
3,551 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.7989 [0.7845, 0.8133] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 2.02 [1.54, 2.65] Age, sex, body mass index, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002133 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001048|
Additional Diverse Ancestries|
3,551 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6214 [0.603, 0.6399] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002134 PGS000805
(GRS582_T2Deur)
 PSS001048|
Additional Diverse Ancestries|
3,551 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6213 [0.6029, 0.6397] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts. Population-specific weights were not available for indiviuals of an Oceanian ancestry (Native Hawaiian). Therefore, GRS582_T2Deur was utilised to predict type 2 diabetes in individuals of an Oceanian ancestry.
PPM002135 PGS000807
(GRS582_T2Dasn)
 PSS001048|
Additional Diverse Ancestries|
3,551 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.7909 [0.7763, 0.8056] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 1.62 [1.23, 2.14] Age, sex, body mass index, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts. Population-specific weights were not available for indiviuals of an Oceanian ancestry (Native Hawaiian). Therefore, GRS582_T2Dasn was utilised to predict type 2 diabetes in individuals of an Oceanian ancestry.
PPM002136 PGS000807
(GRS582_T2Dasn)
 PSS001048|
Additional Diverse Ancestries|
3,551 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.5768 [0.558, 0.5956] — — Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts. Population-specific weights were not available for indiviuals of an Oceanian ancestry (Native Hawaiian). Therefore, GRS582_T2Dasn was utilised to predict type 2 diabetes in individuals of an Oceanian ancestry.
PPM002115 PGS000804
(GRS582_T2Dmulti)
 PSS001044|
African Ancestry|
15,609 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.6701 [0.6615, 0.6788] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 1.57 [1.39, 1.77] Age, sex, body mass index, study, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts.
PPM002132 PGS000805
(GRS582_T2Deur)
 PSS001048|
Additional Diverse Ancestries|
3,551 individuals
 PGP000193 |
Polfus LM et al. HGG Adv (2021)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes — AUROC: 0.7985 [0.7842, 0.8129] Odds Ratio (OR, top 10% vs middle 20%): 2.13 [1.63, 2.79] Age, sex, body mass index, PCs(1-10) Only 579 SNPs from the 582 SNP GRS, were utilised with imputation INFO scores > 0.45. 3 SNPs were not included as they were not present in the cohorts. Population-specific weights were not available for indiviuals of an Oceanian ancestry (Native Hawaiian). Therefore, GRS582_T2Deur was utilised to predict type 2 diabetes in individuals of an Oceanian ancestry.

Evaluated Samples

PGS Sample Set ID
(PSS) 		Phenotype Definitions and Methods Participant Follow-up Time Sample Numbers Age of Study Participants Sample Ancestry Additional Ancestry Description Cohort(s) Additional Sample/Cohort Information
PSS001044 Cases are individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D cases were defined as individuals with (1) a T2D diagnosis by a physician/medical professional and use of medication for treatment of diabetes, and/or (2)a fasting(R8h)blood glucose measurement R126 mg/dL indicated in examination records. For the BMBB cohort T2D diabetes status was defined from algorithms extracted from electronic medical record (EMR) and includes family history of T2D as an exclusion criteria. For T2D cases, BMBB defined medications using unique RxNorm codes at an ingredient level and defined laboratory tests using the logical observations identifiers names and codes (LOINC) standard (https://www.phekb.org/phenotype/type-2-diabetes-mellitus). BioMe included all patients with ICD-9-CM codes of 250.x0 or 250.x2, except for codes 250.10 and 250.12 (indicative of T2D with ketoacidosis, a condition also closely associated with T1D), patients on T2D medications and/or insulin at any time, and all patients with abnormal glucose (>200 mg/dl) or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; ≥6.5%) laboratory test results. For the MEC cohort, T2D cases were defined using the following criteria: (a) a self-report of diabetes on the baseline questionnaire, 2nd questionnaire or 3rd questionnaire; and (b) self-report of taking medication for T2D at the time of blood draw; and (c) no diagnosis of T1D in the absence of a T2D diagnosis from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) for California Residents. In addition, cases included individuals who were linked to the diabetes registries of Hawaii Medical Service Association (HMSA) or Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (KPH) health plans, or who were designated as diabetic in the Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse (CCW) of Medicare. For the WHI cohort, T2D was documented at baseline by self-report in which each woman was asked whether she had ever been told that she had “sugar diabetes” by her physician. Incident diabetes during follow-up was documented by self-report at each semi-annual contact, when participants were asked, “Since the date given on the front of this form, has a doctor prescribed any of the following pills or treatments?” Choices included “pills for diabetes” and “insulin shots for diabetes.”. For the ARIC cohort prevalent type 2 diabetes was defined at the baseline examination as fasting (≥8 h) blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or nonfasting glucose ≥200 mg/dL, self-report physician diagnosis of diabetes or “sugar in the blood,” or current medication use for diabetes within the last two weeks. For the CARDIA cohort, T2D was determined at last visit based on a combination of measured fasting glucose levels (≥7.0 mmol/L and ≥126 mg/dL) at examination years 0, 7, 10, 15, 20, or 25; self-report of oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin at years 0, 7, 10, 15, 20, or 25; a 2-h postload glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (≥200 mg/dL) during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at years 10, 20, and 25; or an HbA1c ≥6.5% at years 20 and 25. —
[
  • 5,972 cases
  • , 9,637 controls
]
 — African American or Afro-Caribbean — ARIC, BioMe, CARDIA, MEC, WHI Possible sample overlap with this dataset and the datasets used to source/develop GRS582_T2Dmulti and GRS582_T2Dafr.
PSS001045 Cases are individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D cases were defined as individuals with (1) a T2D diagnosis by a physician/medical professional and use of medication for treatment of diabetes,and/or (2)a fasting(R8h)blood glucose measurement R126 mg/dL indicated in examination records. For the BMBB cohort T2D diabetes status was defined from algorithms extracted from electronic medical record (EMR) and includes family history of T2D as an exclusion criteria. For T2D cases, BMBB defined medications using unique RxNorm codes at an ingredient level and defined laboratory tests using the logical observations identifiers names and codes (LOINC) standard (https://www.phekb.org/phenotype/type-2-diabetes-mellitus). BioMe included all patients with ICD-9-CM codes of 250.x0 or 250.x2, except for codes 250.10 and 250.12 (indicative of T2D with ketoacidosis, a condition also closely associated with T1D), patients on T2D medications and/or insulin at any time, and all patients with abnormal glucose (>200 mg/dl) or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; ≥6.5%) laboratory test results. For the MEC cohort, T2D cases were defined using the following criteria: (a) a self-report of diabetes on the baseline questionnaire, 2nd questionnaire or 3rd questionnaire; and (b) self-report of taking medication for T2D at the time of blood draw; and (c) no diagnosis of T1D in the absence of a T2D diagnosis from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) for California Residents. In addition, cases included individuals who were linked to the diabetes registries of Hawaii Medical Service Association (HMSA) or Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (KPH) health plans, or who were designated as diabetic in the Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse (CCW) of Medicare. For the WHI cohort, T2D was documented at baseline by self-report in which each woman was asked whether she had ever been told that she had “sugar diabetes” by her physician. Incident diabetes during follow-up was documented by self-report at each semi-annual contact, when participants were asked, “Since the date given on the front of this form, has a doctor prescribed any of the following pills or treatments?” Choices included “pills for diabetes” and “insulin shots for diabetes.”. —
[
  • 2,004 cases
  • , 2,572 controls
]
 — Asian unspecified — BioMe, MEC, WHI Possible sample overlap with this dataset and the datasets used to source/develop GRS582_T2Dmulti and GRS582_T2Dasn.
PSS001046 Cases are individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D cases were defined as individuals with (1) a T2D diagnosis by a physician/medical professional and use of medication for treatment of diabetes,and/or (2)a fasting(R8h)blood glucose measurement R126 mg/dL indicated in examination records. For the UKB cohort, T2D cases were defined by an ICD-10 code of E11.X or a self-reported diagnosis in an interview with a trained nurse. —
[
  • 19,786 cases
  • , 403,943 controls
]
 — European — UKB Possible significant sample overlap with this dataset and the datasets used to source/develop GRS582_T2Dmulti and GRS582_T2Deur
PSS001047 Cases are individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D cases were defined as individuals with (1) a T2D diagnosis by a physician/medical professional and use of medication for treatment of diabetes,and/or (2)a fasting(R8h)blood glucose measurement R126 mg/dL indicated in examination records. For the BMBB cohort T2D diabetes status was defined from algorithms extracted from electronic medical record (EMR) and includes family history of T2D as an exclusion criteria. For T2D cases, BMBB defined medications using unique RxNorm codes at an ingredient level and defined laboratory tests using the logical observations identifiers names and codes (LOINC) standard (https://www.phekb.org/phenotype/type-2-diabetes-mellitus). BioMe included all patients with ICD-9-CM codes of 250.x0 or 250.x2, except for codes 250.10 and 250.12 (indicative of T2D with ketoacidosis, a condition also closely associated with T1D), patients on T2D medications and/or insulin at any time, and all patients with abnormal glucose (>200 mg/dl) or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; ≥6.5%) laboratory test results. For the MEC cohort, T2D cases were defined using the following criteria: (a) a self-report of diabetes on the baseline questionnaire, 2nd questionnaire or 3rd questionnaire; and (b) self-report of taking medication for T2D at the time of blood draw; and (c) no diagnosis of T1D in the absence of a T2D diagnosis from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) for California Residents. In addition, cases included individuals who were linked to the diabetes registries of Hawaii Medical Service Association (HMSA) or Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (KPH) health plans, or who were designated as diabetic in the Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse (CCW) of Medicare. For the WHI cohort, T2D was documented at baseline by self-report in which each woman was asked whether she had ever been told that she had “sugar diabetes” by her physician. Incident diabetes during follow-up was documented by self-report at each semi-annual contact, when participants were asked, “Since the date given on the front of this form, has a doctor prescribed any of the following pills or treatments?” Choices included “pills for diabetes” and “insulin shots for diabetes.”. For the SOL cohort, T2D cases were defined as those with fasting time >8 h and fasting glucose levels ≥126 mg/dL, fasting ≤8 h and fasting glucose ≥200 mg/dL, post–oral glucose tolerance test glucose ≥200 mg/dL, HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol), or on current treatment with antihyperglycemia medications. —
[
  • 4,137 cases
  • , 16,349 controls
]
 — Hispanic or Latin American — BioMe, MEC, SOL, WHI Possible sample overlap with this dataset and the datasets used to source/develop GRS582_T2Dmulti and GRS582_T2Dhis.
PSS001048 Cases are individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D cases were defined as individualswith (1) a T2D diagnosis by a physician/medical professional and use of medication for treat-mentofdiabetes,and/or (2)a fasting(R8h)blood glucose measurement R126 mg/dL indicated in examination records. For the MEC cohort, T2D cases were defined using the following criteria: (a) a self-report of diabetes on the baseline questionnaire, 2nd questionnaire or 3rd questionnaire; and (b) self-report of taking medication for T2D at the time of blood draw; and (c) no diagnosis of T1D in the absence of a T2D diagnosis from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) for California Residents. In addition, cases included individuals who were linked to the diabetes registries of Hawaii Medical Service Association (HMSA) or Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (KPH) health plans, or who were designated as diabetic in the Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse (CCW) of Medicare. —
[
  • 1,534 cases
  • , 2,017 controls
]
 — Oceanian
(Native Hawaiian)		 — MEC —