| Trait Information | |
| Identifier | MONDO_0005180 |
| Description | A progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. Signs and symptoms include tremor which is most pronounced during rest, muscle rigidity, slowing of the voluntary movements, a tendency to fall back, and a mask-like facial expression. [NCIT: P378] | Trait category |
Neurological disorder
|
| Synonyms |
3 synonyms
|
| Mapped terms |
13 mapped terms
|
| Polygenic Score ID & Name | PGS Publication ID (PGP) | Reported Trait | Mapped Trait(s) (Ontology) | Number of Variants |
Ancestry distribution GWAS Dev Eval |
Scoring File (FTP Link) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGS000056 (PD_PRS) |
PGP000041 | Paul KC et al. JAMA Neurol (2018) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 23 | - |
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000056/ScoringFiles/PGS000056.txt.gz |
| PGS000123 (2017_PD16) |
PGP000059 | Ibanez L et al. BMC Neurol (2017) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 16 | - |
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000123/ScoringFiles/PGS000123.txt.gz |
| PGS000211 (PD19) |
PGP000087 | Pihlstrøm L et al. Mov Disord (2016) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 19 | - |
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000211/ScoringFiles/PGS000211.txt.gz |
| PGS000750 (PRS_43) |
PGP000155 | Bobbili DR et al. J Med Genet (2020) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 43 | - |
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000750/ScoringFiles/PGS000750.txt.gz |
| PGS000777 (PHS3_PDD) |
PGP000181 | Liu G et al. Nat Genet (2021) |
Parkinson's disease dementia | cognitive decline measurement, Parkinson disease |
3 | https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000777/ScoringFiles/PGS000777.txt.gz | |
| PGS000902 (PRS90_PD) |
PGP000235 | Nalls MA et al. Lancet Neurol (2019) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 90 | https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000902/ScoringFiles/PGS000902.txt.gz | |
| PGS000903 (PRS1805_PD) |
PGP000235 | Nalls MA et al. Lancet Neurol (2019) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 1,805 | https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS000903/ScoringFiles/PGS000903.txt.gz | |
| PGS001353 (PRS6_PD) |
PGP000250 | Sia MW et al. Mov Disord (2021) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 6 | - |
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001353/ScoringFiles/PGS001353.txt.gz |
| PGS001774 (PRS12_PD) |
PGP000254 | Chairta PP et al. Genes (Basel) (2021) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 12 | - |
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001774/ScoringFiles/PGS001774.txt.gz |
| PGS003763 (PRS44_PD) |
PGP000486 | Zheng Z et al. JAMA Neurol (2023) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 44 | - |
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS003763/ScoringFiles/PGS003763.txt.gz |
| PGS004924 (PRS90_PD) |
PGP000657 | Cao Z et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord (2023) |
Parkinson's disease | Parkinson disease | 90 | - |
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS004924/ScoringFiles/PGS004924.txt.gz |
|
PGS Performance Metric ID (PPM) |
Evaluated Score |
PGS Sample Set ID (PSS) |
Performance Source | Trait |
PGS Effect Sizes (per SD change) |
Classification Metrics | Other Metrics | Covariates Included in the Model |
PGS Performance: Other Relevant Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPM000142 | PGS000056 (PD_PRS) |
PSS000088| European Ancestry| 285 individuals |
PGP000041 | Paul KC et al. JAMA Neurol (2018) |
Reported Trait: Motor decline (time to UPDRS III 20-point increase | HR: 1.42 [1.0, 2.01] | — | — | sex, age at diagnosis | — |
| PPM000143 | PGS000056 (PD_PRS) |
PSS000088| European Ancestry| 285 individuals |
PGP000041 | Paul KC et al. JAMA Neurol (2018) |
Reported Trait: Motor decline (time to H&Y Scale stage ≥ 3) | HR: 1.34 [1.0, 1.79] | — | — | sex, age at diagnosis | — |
| PPM000141 | PGS000056 (PD_PRS) |
PSS000088| European Ancestry| 285 individuals |
PGP000041 | Paul KC et al. JAMA Neurol (2018) |
Reported Trait: Cognitive decline (time to MMSE 4-point decrease) | HR: 1.44 [1.0, 2.07] | — | — | sex, age at diagnosis | — |
| PPM000398 | PGS000123 (2017_PD16) |
PSS000226| European Ancestry| 786 individuals |
PGP000059 | Ibanez L et al. BMC Neurol (2017) |
Reported Trait: Age at Onset (Survival) | β: 9.3 [3.59, 15.0] | — | Association (p-value): 0.00141 | age at last assessment, sex, 2 PCs of ancestry | Cox regression |
| PPM000396 | PGS000123 (2017_PD16) |
PSS000225| European Ancestry| 469 individuals |
PGP000059 | Ibanez L et al. BMC Neurol (2017) |
Reported Trait: Age at Onset (Survival) | β: 16.62 [9.63, 23.61] | — | Association (p-value): 3.19e-06 | age at last assessment, sex, 2 PCs of ancestry | Cox regression |
| PPM000397 | PGS000123 (2017_PD16) |
PSS000226| European Ancestry| 786 individuals |
PGP000059 | Ibanez L et al. BMC Neurol (2017) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson disease | β: 4.85 [2.32, 7.39] | — | Association (p-value): 0.00018 | age at last assessment, sex, 2 PCs of ancestry | — |
| PPM000395 | PGS000123 (2017_PD16) |
PSS000225| European Ancestry| 469 individuals |
PGP000059 | Ibanez L et al. BMC Neurol (2017) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson disease | β: 5.84 [3.1, 8.59] | — | Association (p-value): 3e-05 | age at last assessment, sex, 2 PCs of ancestry | — |
| PPM000648 | PGS000211 (PD19) |
PSS000358| European Ancestry| 336 individuals |
PGP000087 | Pihlstrøm L et al. Mov Disord (2016) |
Reported Trait: Motor decline (time to Hoehn & Yahr ≥ 3) | HR: 1.29 [1.06, 1.56] | — | — | sex, age at diagnosis | — |
| PPM001904 | PGS000750 (PRS_43) |
PSS000952| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 486 individuals |
PGP000155 | Bobbili DR et al. J Med Genet (2020) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | — | AUROC: 0.703 [0.698, 0.708] | — | Sex, singleton loss of function variant count, Parkinson's disease family history. | Mean AUROC over 1000 repetitions on test sets randomly drawn with a 0.9 training-test pslit |
| PPM001905 | PGS000750 (PRS_43) |
PSS000952| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 486 individuals |
PGP000155 | Bobbili DR et al. J Med Genet (2020) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | — | AUROC: 0.653 [0.647, 0.659] | — | Sex, singleton loss of function variant count. | Mean AUROC over 1000 repetitions on test sets randomly drawn with a 0.9 training-test pslit |
| PPM001906 | PGS000750 (PRS_43) |
PSS000952| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 486 individuals |
PGP000155 | Bobbili DR et al. J Med Genet (2020) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | — | AUROC: 0.616 [0.611, 0.621] | — | Sex | Mean AUROC over 1000 repetitions on test sets randomly drawn with a 0.9 training-test pslit |
| PPM002014 | PGS000777 (PHS3_PDD) |
PSS000997| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 404 individuals |
PGP000181 | Liu G et al. Nat Genet (2021) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease dementia | HR: 2.05 [1.16, 3.61] | AUROC: 0.688 [0.519, 0.817] | Hazard's Ratio (HR, top 25% vs PHS of 0): 3.2 [1.26, 8.11] | Age at Parkinson's disease onset, sex, years of education, PCs(1-10), study cohort, genetic factors (genes: GBA, APOE ε4) | — |
| PPM002665 | PGS000902 (PRS90_PD) |
PSS001174| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 999 individuals |
PGP000235 | Nalls MA et al. Lancet Neurol (2019) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | — | AUROC: 0.651 [0.617, 0.684] | — | PCs(1-5), age, sex | Only 88 SNPs from the 90 SNP PRS were utilised. 2 SNPs were not included as they failed to pass quality control in the HBS cohort. |
| PPM018174 | PGS000902 (PRS90_PD) |
PSS010943| Ancestry Not Reported| 986 individuals |
PGP000458 | Pavelka L et al. NPJ Parkinsons Dis (2022) |Ext. |
Reported Trait: Age at onset of parkinson disease | — | — | Correlation: -0.11 | — | — |
| PPM018547 | PGS000902 (PRS90_PD) |
PSS011016| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 3,427 individuals |
PGP000479 | Blauwendraat C et al. Mov Disord (2023) |Ext. |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | OR: 1.575 [1.444, 1.717] β: 0.4541 (0.0443) |
— | — | — | 85 of 90 variants of PGS000902 was used excluding full GBA1 region, and two additional variants (chr10:119776815:G:A and chr19:2341049:C:T) |
| PPM018548 | PGS000902 (PRS90_PD) |
PSS011017| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 225 individuals |
PGP000479 | Blauwendraat C et al. Mov Disord (2023) |Ext. |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease with Gaucher Disease | OR: 1.687 [1.099, 2.589] β: 0.5228 (0.2186) |
— | — | — | 85 of 90 variants of PGS000902 was used excluding full GBA1 region, and two additional variants (chr10:119776815:G:A and chr19:2341049:C:T) |
| PPM002664 | PGS000903 (PRS1805_PD) |
PSS001174| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 999 individuals |
PGP000235 | Nalls MA et al. Lancet Neurol (2019) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | β: 0.709 (0.072) | AUROC: 0.692 | R²: 0.054 Odds Ratio (OR, top 25% vs bottom 25%): 6.25 [4.26, 9.28] |
PCs(1-5), age, sex | — |
| PPM012831 | PGS000903 (PRS1805_PD) |
PSS009572| European Ancestry| 6,378 individuals |
PGP000281 | Koch S et al. Genes (Basel) (2021) |Ext. |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | — | AUROC: 0.645 [0.63, 0.66] | Nagelkerke’s Pseudo-R2: 0.348 | sex, age and first three PCs | Quality control led to the exclusion of 62 of the original 1805 PD-PRS SNPs |
| PPM012832 | PGS000903 (PRS1805_PD) |
PSS009572| European Ancestry| 6,378 individuals |
PGP000281 | Koch S et al. Genes (Basel) (2021) |Ext. |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease prognosis | — | — | Sensitivity: 0.581 [0.479, 0.625] Specificity: 0.625 [0.472, 0.725] |
— | Cost of 1: optimal threshold for PD-PRS as determined by maximizing a weighted Youden index = 0.33 |
| PPM012833 | PGS000903 (PRS1805_PD) |
PSS009572| European Ancestry| 6,378 individuals |
PGP000281 | Koch S et al. Genes (Basel) (2021) |Ext. |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease (age at onset) | — | AUROC: 0.59 [0.551, 0.629] | Nagelkerke’s Pseudo-R2: 0.039 | sex, age and first three PCs | Quality control led to the exclusion of 62 of the original 1805 PD-PRS SNPs |
| PPM014928 | PGS000903 (PRS1805_PD) |
PSS009933| South Asian Ancestry| 90 individuals |
PGP000360 | Kukkle PL et al. Adv Biol (Weinh) (2022) |Ext. |
Reported Trait: Young onset Parkinson’s disease | — | — | Odds ratio, OR (high vs low risk): 1.92 | — | — |
| PPM005177 | PGS001353 (PRS6_PD) |
PSS003601| Additional Asian Ancestries| 25,646 individuals |
PGP000250 | Sia MW et al. Mov Disord (2021) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | — | C-index: 0.63 [0.6, 0.66] | Hazard Ratio (HR, top 33.3% vs bottom 33.3%): 1.81 [1.37, 2.39] Hazard Ratio (HR, top 33.3% vs middle 33.3%): 1.35 [1.0, 1.83] |
Age of recruitment, year of interview (1993-1995, 1996-1998), dialect group (Cantonese, Hokkien), level of education (no formal education, primary school, secondary school or higher), body mass index (<20, 20-<24, 24-<28, 28+ kg/m2) | — |
| PPM009233 | PGS001774 (PRS12_PD) |
PSS007662| European Ancestry| 699 individuals |
PGP000254 | Chairta PP et al. Genes (Basel) (2021) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | OR: 1.39 [1.06, 1.84] | AUROC: 0.55 | — | — | Prior to imputation of missing data |
| PPM009234 | PGS001774 (PRS12_PD) |
PSS007662| European Ancestry| 699 individuals |
PGP000254 | Chairta PP et al. Genes (Basel) (2021) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | — | AUROC: 0.79 [0.75, 0.83] | — | Age, gender, head injury, family history of Parkinson's disease, depression, smoking (current or ever), body mass index | Prior to imputation of missing data |
| PPM009235 | PGS001774 (PRS12_PD) |
PSS007662| European Ancestry| 699 individuals |
PGP000254 | Chairta PP et al. Genes (Basel) (2021) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | OR: 1.39 [1.06, 1.83] | AUROC: 0.55 | — | — | Following imputation of missing data |
| PPM009236 | PGS001774 (PRS12_PD) |
PSS007662| European Ancestry| 699 individuals |
PGP000254 | Chairta PP et al. Genes (Basel) (2021) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | — | AUROC: 0.8 [0.77, 0.84] | — | Age, gender, head injury, family history of Parkinson's disease, depression, smoking (current or ever), body mass index | Following imputation of missing data |
| PPM018563 | PGS003763 (PRS44_PD) |
PSS011026| European Ancestry| 314,998 individuals |
PGP000486 | Zheng Z et al. JAMA Neurol (2023) |
Reported Trait: Incident Parkinson Disease | — | — | Hazard ratio (HR, high vs low tertile): 1.72 [1.54, 1.93] | genotyping array and the first 10 principal components of ancestry | — |
| PPM018564 | PGS003763 (PRS44_PD) |
PSS011026| European Ancestry| 314,998 individuals |
PGP000486 | Zheng Z et al. JAMA Neurol (2023) |
Reported Trait: Incident Parkinson Disease with frailty | — | — | Hazard ratio (HR, high vs low tertile): 3.22 [2.35, 4.41] | age, sex, Townsend deprivation index, assessment centers, alcohol consumption, smoking status, BMI, the number of long-term morbidities, genotyping array, and the first 10 principal components of ancestry long-term morbidities, genotyping array, and the first 10 principal components of ancestry | — |
| PPM021702 | PGS004924 (PRS90_PD) |
PSS011750| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 3,482 individuals |
PGP000657 | Cao Z et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord (2023) |
Reported Trait: Parkinson's disease | — | — | Odds ratio (OR, top vs bottom PGS quartile): 3.79 [1.64, 8.73] | Age, race, 5 PCs, self-reported sense of smell, education, smoking status, self-reported health status, and PM2.5 and NO2 in 2006 | — |
| PPM021703 | PGS004924 (PRS90_PD) |
PSS011751| Multi-ancestry (including European)| 3,482 individuals |
PGP000657 | Cao Z et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord (2023) |
Reported Trait: Olfactory impairment (B-SIT score ≤6) | — | — | Odds ratio (OR, top vs bottom PGS quartile): 1.42 [1.04, 1.92] | Age, race, 5 PCs, self-reported sense of smell, education, smoking status, self-reported health status, and PM2.5 and NO2 in 2006 | — |
|
PGS Sample Set ID (PSS) |
Phenotype Definitions and Methods | Participant Follow-up Time | Sample Numbers | Age of Study Participants | Sample Ancestry | Additional Ancestry Description | Cohort(s) | Additional Sample/Cohort Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSS000358 | UPDRS motor severity was estimated as a mean value acrosseach patient’s recordings, relative to the rest of the data | Mean = 5946.0 days Sd = 2299.0 days Range = [1574.0, 13992.0] days |
[ ,
66.0 % Male samples |
Range = [35.0, 85.0] years | European | — | NR | Testing dataset genotyped as part of a larger study of a total of 1380 patients with idiopathic PD and 1295 control subjects by 5 collaborating groups in Norway and Sweden. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197458012005301?showall%3Dtrue%26via%3Dihub) |
| PSS003601 | Cases were individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). PD cases were identified from three different sources: (1) participants were asked in a follow-up interview if they had ever been informed by a physician to have PD and, if yes, the age at which the diagnosis was ascertained, (2) all diagnoses containing the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 332 (PD) from 1990 to 2018 in public and private hospitals were identified via a computer-assisted record linkage analysis of the cohort database with the nationwide hospital discharge database, (3) record linkage of the cohort database with three public hospital–based PD registries in Singapore through July 31, 2018, was carried out via database linkage. All identified cases were reviewed to confirm that the diagnosis was primary PD according to the criteria defined by the Advisory Council of the USA National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. | — | [ ,
45.32 % Male samples |
— | Asian unspecified | — | SCHS | — |
| PSS000952 | Cases are individuals with sporadic Parkinson's disease. | — | [
|
— | European, NR | European, Not reported | PPMI | — |
| PSS000088 | Parkinson Disease symptom progression was assessed during 1 to 3 follow-up examinations by a movement disorder team (June 1, 2007, to August 31, 2013; mean [SD] time from disease onset, 7.3 [2.8] years) using the following methods: - Cognitive decline was determined with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; range, 0-30, with lower scores indicating worse cognitive function). Cognitive decline was defined as a 4-point decrease from baseline MMSE score and time to event as the time from the baseline to follow-up examinations in which a 4-point decrease was first measured - Motor decline was defined as a 20-point increase in Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) score, and time to event as the time from the baseline to follow-up examinations in which a 20-point increase was first measured. - Motor decline was also measured by assessing conversion to stage 3 or higher of the Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) scale. Time to conversion to H&Y stage 3 was defined as the time from the baseline to first follow-up examinations in which the patient scored at least stage 3. | Mean = 5.3 years Sd = 2.1 years |
[ ,
56.14 % Male samples |
Mean = 69.1 years Sd = 10.4 years |
European | — | PEG | Patients with idiopathic PD diagnosed less than 3 years previously were recruited from June 1, 2001, through November 31, 2007. Patients were confirmed as having clinically probable or possible Parkinson Disease by a team of movement disorder specialists |
| PSS010943 | — | — | [
|
— | Not reported | — | NR | Luxembourg Parkinson's Study |
| PSS009933 | — | — | 90 individuals, 71.0 % Male samples |
Mean = 36.0 years | South Asian (Indian) |
— | NR | — |
| PSS007662 | Cases were individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). All cases were recruited in the study after a clinical diagnosis of PD. | — | [ ,
51.36 % Male samples |
— | European | — | NR | — |
| PSS011750 | — | — | [ ,
0.0 % Male samples |
— | European, African unspecified, Not reported | — | SISTER | — |
| PSS011751 | — | — | [ ,
0.0 % Male samples |
— | European, African unspecified, Not reported | — | SISTER | — |
| PSS000225 | — | — | [ ,
55.22 % Male samples |
— | European | — | PPMI | Both the PPMI and WUSTL datasets are available by request from the PPMI website (www.ppmi-info.org) |
| PSS000226 | — | — | [ ,
58.27 % Male samples |
— | European | — | WUSTL | Both the PPMI and WUSTL datasets are available by request from the PPMI website (www.ppmi-info.org) |
| PSS011016 | — | — | [
|
— | Other (Ashkenazi Jewish) |
— | NR | — |
| PSS011016 | — | — | [
|
— | European | — | NR | — |
| PSS011017 | — | — | [
|
— | Other (Ashkenazi Jewish) |
— | NR | — |
| PSS011017 | — | — | [
|
— | European | — | NR | — |
| PSS001174 | Cases were individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Cases were defined using the standard UK Brain Bank criteria with a modification to allow the inclusion of cases that had a family history of PD. | — | [ ,
52.75 % Male samples |
— | European, NR | — | HBS | Sample overlap between this dataset and the dataset used to source SNPs for PRS90_PD. |
| PSS000997 | All individuals had Parkinsons' disease. Dementia was defined by the following criteria for each cohort. DeNoPa: Dementia was defined using operationalized level 1 MDS dementia criteria. These criteria required 1, an MMSE< 26; 2, cognitive deficits severe enough to impact daily living (MDS-UPDRS sub-score I item 1, Cognitive impairment score ≥ 2 indicating ‘Dementia has impact on active daily living scale’); 3, impairment in at least two cognitive domains operationalized as impairment in two of the following four tasks: ≤ 3 of 5 points in the MMSE Seven backward test (attention); abnormal clock drawing test (executive dysfunction); subscore = 0 in the MMSE Pentagons (visuo-constructive ability); and ≤ 2 of 3 points in the 3-Word Recall of the MMSE (memory performance). A Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15) score <10 was used to indicate the absence of severe depression. EPIPARK: Dementia was defined using operationalized level 1 MDS dementia criteria. These criteria required 1, a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score < 2127; 2, cognitive deficits severe enough to impact daily living (UPDRS sub-score I item 1, Intellectual impairment score ≥ 2 indicating ‘Dementia has impact on active daily living scale’); 3, impairment in at least two cognitive domains operationalized as impairment in two of the following four tasks: ≤ 2 of 3 points in the MoCA serial seven subtraction test; 0 points in the MoCA language fluency test item (language); ≤ 4 of 5 points in the word recall of the MoCA (delayed recall); ≤ 4 of 5 on the MoCA visuospatial/executive test. A Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score ≤30 was used to indicate the absence of severe depression. HBS: Dementia was defined using operationalized level 1 MDS dementia criteria. These criteria required 1, an MMSE < 26; 2, cognitive deficits severe enough to impact daily living (UPDRS sub-score I item 1, Intellectual impairment score ≥ 2 indicating ‘Dementia has impact on active daily living scale’); 3, impairment in at least two cognitive domains operationalized as impairment in two of the following four tasks: ≤ 3 of 5 points in the MMSE Seven backward test (attention); abnormal clock drawing test (executive dysfunction); subscore = 0 in the MMSE Pentagons (visuo-constructive ability); and ≤ 2 of 3 points in the 3-Word Recall of the MMSE (memory performance). A Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15) score <10 was used to indicate the absence of severe depression. | — | 404 individuals | — | European, NR | — | DeNoPa, EPIPARK, HBS | — |
| PSS011026 | — | — | 314,998 individuals, 49.1 % Male samples |
Mean = 56.1 years | European | — | UKB | — |
| PSS009572 | — | — | [ ,
54.0 % Male samples |
— | European | — | DeNoPa, EPIPARK, KIEL, Other | — |